Wavelength band based passive infrared gas imaging

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods disclosed herein, in accordance with one or more embodiments provide for imaging gas in a scene, the scene having a background and a possible occurrence of gas. In one embodiment, a method and a system adapted to perform the method includes: controlling a thermal imaging system to capture a gas IR image representing the temperature of a gas and a background IR image representing the temperature of a background based on a predetermined absorption spectrum of the gas, on an estimated gas temperature and on an estimated background temperature; and generating a gas-absorption-path-length image, representing the length of the path of radiation from the background through the gas, based on the gas image and the background IR image. The system and method may include generating a gas visualization image based on the gas-absorption-path-length image to display an output image visualizing a gas occurrence in the scene.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/692,805 filed Aug. 31, 2017 and entitled “WAVELENGTH BAND BASEDPASSIVE INFRARED GAS IMAGING,” which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/692,805 is a continuation ofInternational Patent Application No. PCT/EP2016/054449 filed Mar. 2,2016 and entitled “WAVELENGTH BAND BASED PASSIVE INFRARED GAS IMAGING,”which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2016/054449 Filed Mar. 2,2016 claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/127,247 filed Mar. 2, 2015 and entitled “WAVELENGTHBAND BASED PASSIVE INFRARED GAS IMAGING,” which is hereby incorporatedby reference in its entirety.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/693,007 filed Aug. 31, 2017 and entitled “QUANTIFYING GAS INPASSIVE OPTICAL GAS IMAGING,” which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/693,007 is a continuation ofInternational Patent Application No. PCT/EP2016/000363 filed Mar. 2,2016 and entitled “QUANTIFYING GAS IN PASSIVE OPTICAL GAS IMAGING,”which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2016/000363 filed Mar. 2,2016 claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/127,264 filed Mar. 2, 2015 and entitled “QUANTIFYINGGAS IN PASSIVE OPTICAL GAS IMAGING,” which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to imaging and visualizing gasand, in particular, to imaging and visualizing gas using infraredimaging systems and methods.

BACKGROUND

Thermal, or infrared (IR), images of scenes are often useful formonitoring, inspection and/or maintenance purposes, e.g. for monitoringgas leaks at an industrial plant. Typically, a thermal imaging device,e.g. in the form of a thermography arrangement or an infrared IR camera,is provided to capture infrared (IR) image data values, representinginfrared radiation emitted from an observed scene. The captured IR imagecan after capturing be processed, displayed and/or saved, for example inthe thermal imaging device or in a computing device connected to thethermal imaging device such as a tablet computer, a smartphone, a laptopor a desktop computer.

Thermal imaging devices, such as IR cameras, might be used for detectinggas occurrence, for example in the form of a gas cloud or gas plume e.g.from fugitive gas emissions or gas leaks, and for producing a visualrepresentation of such gas occurrence as a gas infrared image. Such agas infrared image can be used for visualizing gas occurrence or gasleaks, e.g. as smoke or a cloud on images presented on the viewfinder ofa camera, on an integrated or separate display, or on an externalcomputing device, thereby allowing the user to see gas occurrence in ascene observed and imaged by means of an IR camera. A variant of suchtechniques is called passive infrared gas imaging and is based on usingradiation from a scene without any additional illumination for detectinggas.

However, a problem with conventional systems is that the sensitivity ofthe thermal imaging device might be too low to detect gas below acertain gas particle concentration or, in other words, the contrastbetween gas information and noise/interference-in a generated gasinfrared image is too low to identify gas. Another problem is that thesensitivity is further reduced by various physical aspects, such asvarying temperatures and emissivity in the observed scene background,noise, other gases, aerosol particles and moving gas clouds.

In conventional technology, particularly using cooled thermal imagingdevices, gas imaging may be based on the difference in absorption ortransmission of infrared radiation in different wavelength bands. Aproblem, particularly with uncooled thermal imaging devices, is thatwhen basing gas imaging on the difference in absorption or transmissionof infrared radiation in selected wavelength bands, the bands cannot bemade narrow due to high noise contribution by imaging device componentssuch as filters, optical systems, wave guide and the detector itself.This means that physical characteristics of the system, such as noise orthermal interference might vary significantly with wavelength and willbe more difficult to compensate for.

There is a need to address the problems of conventional systems toimprove gas detection sensitivity in gas imaging with reducedcomplexity, size, weight, manufacturing cost and/or overall powerconsumption for imaging for example a wide range of gases withouthardware reconfigurations that result in high cost and weight increase.

SUMMARY

Various techniques and embodiments of methods, systems and computerprogram products are disclosed for imaging gas in a scene having abackground and a possible occurrence of gas. In various embodiments gasimaging is carried out by controlling a thermal imaging system tocapture a gas IR image representing the temperature of a gas and abackground IR image representing the temperature of a background basedon a predetermined absorption spectrum of the gas, on an estimated gastemperature and on an estimated background temperature. Agas-absorption-path-length image, representing the length of the path ofradiation from the background through the gas, is then generated basedon the gas image and the background IR image.

In further variants, in accordance with one or more embodiments, themethods, systems and computer program products further comprise aselection of:

Generating a gas visualization image based on thegas-absorption-path-length image.

Controlling, for the capturing of the gas IR image, the thermal imagingsystem to capture radiation in a high absorption wavelength band Adetermined to include wavelengths with high absorption of radiation forthe gas in the predetermined absorption spectrum; and/or

controlling, for the capturing of the background IR image, the thermalimaging system to capture radiation in a low absorption wavelength bandB determined to include wavelengths with low absorption of radiation forthe gas in the predetermined absorption spectrum.

Determining the high absorption wavelength band A to include anabsorption wavelength band G from the absorption spectrum of the gas;and/or

determining the low absorption wavelength band B to at least partiallyoverlap the high absorption wavelength band A.

Estimating the gas temperature T_(G) based on a measured ambient airtemperature retrieved from an ambient air temperature sensor; and/or

estimating the gas temperature T_(G) based on a previously captured gasIR image.

Estimating the background temperature T_(B) based on a previouslycaptured background IR image.

Generating a gas-absorption-path-length image further based on a gas tobackground difference relation.

Determining the high absorption wavelength band A further comprising:

-   -   determining an absorption wavelength band G based on the        absorption spectrum of the gas, wherein the absorption        wavelength band G is determined to include at least a local        minimum of the absorption spectrum; and    -   determining the high absorption wavelength band A as including        the absorption wavelength band G and possibly a predetermined        wavelength margin.

The predetermined wavelength margin being a selection of:

-   -   a first wavelength margin G_MARGIN1 applied to the lower        endpoint of the absorption wavelength band G; and/or    -   a second wavelength margin G_MARGIN2 applied to the higher        endpoint of the absorption wavelength band G.

Determining the low absorption wavelength band B further comprising:

-   -   determining the low absorption wavelength band B as having a        width greater than the high absorption wavelength band A,        possibly within a predetermined wavelength margin.

The predetermined wavelength margin being a selection of:

-   -   a first wavelength margin A_MARGIN1 below the lower endpoint of        high absorption wavelength band A; and/or    -   a second wavelength margin A_MARGIN2 above the higher endpoint        of high absorption wavelength band A.

Dtermining the low absorption wavelength band B further comprising:

-   -   obtaining an objective function indicative of contrast and        dependent on pixel values of the gas-absorption-path-length        image;    -   generating an optimized wavelength band B by evaluating the        objective function on wavelength band B shifted within a band        constraint and by selecting a shifted wavelength band B with an        evaluated objective function value representing a local minimum        as the optimized wavelength band B.

Determining the low absorption wavelength band B comprising theexcluding of the absorption wavelength band G from the low absorptionwavelength band B.

Generating a visual presentation image based on pixel values of thegas-absorption-path-length image and a palette, wherein said palettecomprises grayscales and/or colors associated to mutually exclusiveranges of pixel values.

Determining a water wavelength band C to improve contrast in a generatedgas-absorption-path-length image based on a predetermined waterabsorption spectrum, wherein the water wavelength band C includes atleast a local minimum of the water absorption spectrum and preferablyexcludes the high absorption wavelength band A and/or the low absorptionwavelength band B;

-   -   controlling, for capturing a water image, the thermal imaging        system to capture radiation within the water wavelength band C;    -   generating the gas-absorption-path-length image further based on        the water image.

A thermal imaging device for imaging gas comprising a thermal imagingsystem and a processor, being adapted to perform any of the steps andfunctions of the embodiments described herein.

A computer-readable medium for imaging gas, comprising stored thereon:non-transitory information for performing any of the embodimentsdescribed herein; and/or

non-transitory information configured to control a processor/processingunit to perform any of the steps or functions described herein.

A computer program product for imaging gas, comprising code portionsadapted to control a processor to perform any of the steps or functionsof any of embodiments described herein.

The scope of the invention is defined by the claims, which areincorporated into this section by reference. A more completeunderstanding of embodiments of the invention will be afforded to thoseskilled in the art, as well as a realization of additional advantagesthereof, by a consideration of the following detailed description of oneor more embodiments. Reference will be made to the appended sheets ofdrawings that will first be described briefly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of passive imaging of gas based on abackground temperature difference ΔT, in accordance with of one or moreembodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 2a illustrates a method for imaging gas, in accordance with one ormore embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 2b illustrates a further method for imaging gas, in accordance withone or more embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates a method for imaging gas in a case when thebackground temperature TB is lower than the gas temperature T_(G), inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates in a graph an example on how gas temperature T_(G),background temperature T_(B) and gas to background temperaturedifference ΔT varies with the wavelength of the infrared radiation froma scene having a gas occurrence.

FIG. 5 illustrates in a graph an example of a wavelength band A 510 anda wavelength band B 520 determined to improve contrast in a generatedgas-absorption-path-length image, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic view of a thermal imaging device, in accordancewith one or more embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 7a shows a schematic view of a spatial sensor configuration in athermal imaging device, in accordance with one or more embodiments ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 7b shows a schematic view of a temporal sensor configuration in athermal imaging device, in accordance with one or more embodiments ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 8a shows a schematic view of an intertwined sensor configuration ina thermal imaging device, in accordance with one or more embodiments ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 8b shows a schematic view of an interlaced sensor configuration ina thermal imaging device, in accordance with one or more embodiments ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of a woven sensor configuration in athermal imaging device, in accordance with one or more embodiments ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating method steps in accordance withone or more embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 11 shows a schematic view of an operating area of a sensor and themapping to an A/D working area, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the disclosure.

FIGS. 12, 13 a, 13 b, and 13 c illustrate schematically how a first,high absorption wavelength band A and second, low absorption wavelengthband B are determined, in accordance with one or more embodiments of thedisclosure.

FIG. 14a illustrates schematically how a gas-absorption-path-lengthimage is generated in a thermal imaging device comprising a firstinfrared imaging system, in accordance with one or more embodiments ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 14b illustrates schematically how a gas-absorption-path-lengthimage is generated in a thermal imaging device comprising a firstinfrared imaging system and a second infrared imaging system, inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 15 illustrates schematically how a gas-absorption-path-length imageis generated in a thermal imaging device by compensating for waterattenuation of infrared radiation, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the disclosure.

Embodiments of the present disclosure and their advantages are bestunderstood by referring to the detailed description that follows. Itshould be appreciated that like reference numerals are used to identifylike elements illustrated in one or more of the figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Introduction

The disclosure relates to imaging and visualizing gas or fugitive gasusing infrared IR sensors or detectors and image processing. An exampleof a use case is the inspection with a thermal imaging device of a partof an industrial complex handling gas.

In particular the disclosure relates to passive gas imaging that usesthermal background radiation within the infrared region and can be usedto image gas for example against a cold background, in this case imagingthermal emission or radiation from the gas, or used against a warmbackground, in that case imaging absorption by the gas of thermalradiation from the background. Imaging of gas is based on the differencein gas temperature T_(G) and background temperature T_(B), hereinafterreferred to as gas to background temperature difference ΔT. However, thesensitivity of a thermal imaging system is dependent on the differencein gas temperature T_(G) and background temperature T_(B),

FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a metliod and an apparatus for passiveimaging of gas based on background temperature difference ΔT 130, inaccordance with one or more embodiments. A thermal imaging device 170 isadapted to capture radiation within controllable wavelength bands andthus to produce infrared images, herein also called IR images or thermalimages, representing a particular selected wavelength band of infraredradiation from a scene. Between the thermal imaging device 170 (alsoreferred to as a thermal imaging system) and a scene background 110there is gas 160 present in the form of aerosol particles or gasmolecules, in the figures illustrated as a gas occurrence in the shapeof a gas cloud. The scene background 110 has a background temperatureT_(B) 122, and the gas has a gas temperature T_(G) 121. A temperaturedifference parameter preferably in the form of a gas to backgroundtemperature difference ΔT 130 can be determined or calculated based onthe background temperature TB 122 and the gas temperature T_(G) 121 by agas to background difference relation 140. In a accordance with one ormore embodiments, a thermal imaging device 170 is configured and/orcontrolled to capture and/or generate a selection of inter alia abackground IR image representing the thermal radiation from thebackground in a scene, a gas IR image representing a gas occurrencebetween the thermal imaging device and a background in a scene and/or apossible other IR image representing other phenomena in the scene.

In one or more embodiments, a gas-absorption-path-length imagerepresenting the length of the path of radiation from the scenebackground 110 through a gas occurrence in the scene can be generatedbased on a gas image, a background image and optionally the temperaturedifference parameter ΔT 130. In yet an embodiment, gas is visualized ina gas visualization image presentable or presented to the user on adisplay, this image being based on pixel values of thegas-absorption-path-length image. In yet an embodiment a backgroundtemperature T_(B) 122 derived from a pixel value in a background imageand a gas temperature T_(G) 121 derived from a pixel value in a gasimage are used to determine the temperature difference parameter ΔT 130.

In one or more embodiments, the gas temperature T_(G) is estimated basedon a measured ambient air temperature retrieved from an ambient airtemperature sensor and/or based on a previously captured gas IR imagethat comprises a representation of the intensity of infrared radiationwithin a first wavelength band A substantially including wavelengths ofinfrared radiation with high absorptance values for the gas in anabsorption spectrum and/or low transmittance values in a transmissionspectrum. In other words, the first wavelength band A is a highabsorption wavelength band that includes wavelengths significantlyaffected by the presence of the gas to be imaged. In a case where thegas has a temperature higher than the ambient air temperature or thebackground temperature there is radiation from the gas in an emissionspectrum. The first wavelength band A is herein also called highabsorption wavelength band A.

In one or more embodiments, the background temperature T_(B) isestimated based on a previously captured background IR image thatcomprises a representation of the intensity of infrared radiation withina second wavelength band B substantially including wavelengths ofinfrared radiation with low absorptance values for the gas in anabsorption spectrum and/or high transmittance values in a transmissionspectrum. In other words, the second wavelength band B is a lowabsorption wavelength band and/or a high transmission wavelength bandthat includes wavelengths insignificantly affected by the presence ofthe gas to be detected. The second wavelength band B is herein alsocalled low absorption wavelength band B.

FIG. 2a illustrates a method for imaging gas in accordance with one ormore embodiments for example applicable in a situation where thebackground temperature T_(B) 122 is higher than the gas temperatureT_(G) 121, i.e. the scene background is warmer than the gas 160. Afraction of the energy or infrared radiation emitted from the scenebackground 110 is transmitted through the gas 160, indicated asradiation transmission 250 with a gas-absorption-path length 242, to thedetector in a thermal imaging device 170. In one or more embodimentsthis fraction can be determined by using a predetermined relation forexample based on a transmission spectrum 251.

FIG. 2b illustrates a method for imaging gas in accordance with one ormore embodiments for example applicable in a situation where thebackground temperature T_(B) 122 is lower than the gas temperature T_(G)121, i.e. the scene background is colder than the gas. A fraction of theenergy or infrared radiation emitted from the scene background 110 istransmitted through the gas, indicated as radiation transmission 250with a gas-absorption-path length 242, to the detector in a thermalimaging device 170. In one or more embodiments this transmitted fractioncan be determined by using a predetermined relation for example based onan absorption spectrum 241.

By controlling the thermal imaging system to capture radiation in a highabsorption wavelength band A including wavelengths significantlyaffected by the presence of the gas to be detected, and to captureradiation in a low absorption wavelength band B including wavelengthsinsignificantly affected by the presence of the gas to be detected, abackground IR image and a gas IR image are generated. Based on thebackground IR image, on the gas IR image and dependent on a transmissionspectrum 251 and/or on an absorption spectrum 241, agas-absorption-path-length image with improved contrast is generated ina system with improved sensitivity and/or improved signal to noiseration.

FIG. 3 illustrates one or more embodiments applied in a situation wherethe background temperature T_(B) is lower than the gas temperatureT_(G), i.e. the background is colder than the gas 160. The thermalimaging system 170 is controlled to capture radiation in a lowabsorption wavelength band B including wavelengths less affected or notso affected, i.e. insignificantly affected by the presence of the gas tobe detected, and to capture radiation in a high absorption wavelengthband A including wavelengths more affected, i.e. significantly affectedby the presence of the gas to be detected. There is also radiationemitted from the gas 160 in wavelengths in an emission spectrum. Thethermal imaging system is controlled to capture radiation comprising asum 380 of transmission through the gas and emission from the gas 160. Agas-absorption-path-length image is generated based on a transmissionplus emission spectrum 381 being a sum of a transmission spectrum and anemission spectrum.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing radiance from a scene in relation towavelength in the infrared range, the scene comprising a background anda gas occurrence in the ambient atmosphere in the scene. Translated totemperature corresponding to the radiance related to wavelength, thisgraph shows an example on how the gas temperature T_(G) indicated withan intermittently drawn line, the background temperature T_(B) indicatedwith a fully drawn line and the gas to background temperature differenceΔT 130, i.e. the difference T_(B)-T_(G), varies with the wavelength ofthe infrared radiation from the scene.

FIG. 5 illustrates by means of a temperature/wavelength relation similarto that of FIG. 4 an example of one or more embodiments wherein a highabsorption wavelength band A 510 and a low absorption wavelength band B520 have been determined for the purpose to improve contrast in agenerated gas-absorption-path-length image based on a predeterminedabsorption spectrum 241 of the gas, an estimated gas temperature T_(G)121 and an estimated background temperature T_(B) 122. Wavelength band B520 is selected to include wavelengths less affected or not so affected,i.e. insignificantly affected by the presence of the gas to be detected.Wavelength band A 510 is selected to include wavelengths more orstrongly affected, i.e. significantly selected by the presence of thegas to be detected. In one or more embodiments, wavelength band A 510includes an absorption wavelength band G 505 from the absorptionspectrum 241 (FIG. 2b ), i.e. a subset of the absorption spectrumsignificantly affected by the presence of the gas to be imaged, orexpressed in a different aspect as a subset of a transmission spectrumless affected by the presence of the gas to be imaged. Furthermore, thelow absorption wavelength band B 520 at least partially overlapswavelength band A 510, thereby minimizing variations between wavelengthband A 510 and wavelength band B 520 in emission/emissivity representedby values in the emission spectrum. Thereby an improved sensitivity andan improved signal to noise ratio is achieved in the thermal imagingsystem resulting in improved contrast in a generatedgas-absorption-path-length image. Another effect by one or moreembodiments is an elimination or simplification of the complexity ofcompensating for varying emission/emissivity in a scene.

System Embodiments

FIG. 6 shows a schematic view of one or more embodiments of a thermalimaging device or system 170, e.g. in the form of a thermographyarrangement or an infrared IR camera. The thermal imaging device 170comprises a first infrared (IR) imaging system 613 that is configuredand/or controllable to capture infrared (IR) images in the form of IRimage data values/pixel values, representing infrared radiation emittedfrom an observed scene within one or more selectable wavelength bands A,B or C. The infrared (IR) imaging system 613 is further communicativelycoupled to a processor 612.

The first infrared (IR) imaging system 613 is further configured toreceive control data and to trigger the capturing of an IR image of ascene within a selected wavelength band in response to said controldata. The first infrared (IR) imaging system 613 is further arranged tosend a signal frame or data frame of IR image data values representing acaptured image to the processor 612. IR image data typically includedata values for example represented in an instance of a data structure,such as an image data frame as mentioned. The processor/processing unit612 is provided with specifically designed programming or program codeportions adapted to control the processing unit to perform the steps andfunctions of one or more embodiments of the method and/or methodsdescribed herein.

The thermal imaging device 170 further comprises at least one memory 615configured to store data values or parameters received from a processor612 or to retrieve and send data values or parameters to a processor612. A communications interface 616 is configured to send or receivedata values or parameters to or from a processor 612 to or from externalor internal units or sensors via the communications interface 616. Anoptional input device 617 is configured to receive an input or anindication from a user, e.g. an input of a user indicating a command toexecute the imaging of a gas-absorption-path-length image.

In one or more embodiments, the thermal imaging device 170 furthercomprises a display 618 configured to receive a signal from a processor612 and to display the received signal as a displayed image, e.g. todisplay a visual representation of a gas-absorption-path-length image toa user of the thermal imaging device 170. In one or more embodiments,the display 618 is integrated with a user input device 617 configured toreceive a signal from a processor 612 and to display the received signalas a displayed image and receive input or indications from a user, e.g.by comprising touch screen functionality and to send a user input signalto said processor/processing unit 612.

In one or more embodiments, the thermal imaging device 170 furthercomprises an ambient air temperature sensor 619 configured to measureambient air temperature and generate an ambient air temperature datavalue and provide the ambient air temperature data value to theprocessor 612 receiving, polling or retrieving the ambient airtemperature data value. In one or more embodiments, the ambient airtemperature sensor 619 is communicatively coupled to the processor 612directly or via the communications interface 616, and may be provided asan external or an internal unit.

In one or more embodiments, the thermal imaging device 170 furtheroptionally comprises a second infrared (IR) imaging system 614,preferably with properties and functions similar to those of the firstinfrared (IR) imaging system 612 described above. The second infrared(IR) imaging system 614 is similarly configured and/or controllable tocapture infrared (IR) images in the form of IR image data values/pixelvalues, representing infrared radiation emitted from an observed scenewithin one or more selectable wavelength bands A, B or C. The secondinfrared (IR) imaging system 614 is further communicatively coupled to aprocessor 612, and is further configured to receive control data and totrigger the capturing of an IR image of a scene within a selectedwavelength band in response to said control data. The second infrared(IR) imaging system 614 is further arranged to send a signal frame of IRimage data values representing an infrared (IR) image to the processor612.

Typically, the described infrared (IR) imaging systems 613, 614 eachcomprises an infrared (IR) optical system 6131, 6141, e.g. comprising alens, possible zoom functionality and focus functionality 6131, togetherwith a corresponding infrared (IR) sensor 6132, 6142, for examplecomprising a micro-bolometer focal plane array.

Examples of Controllable/Selectable Wavelength Bands

The described infrared (IR) imaging systems 613, 614 are configuredand/or controllable to capture infrared (IR) images in the form of IRimage data values/pixel values, representing infrared radiation emittedfrom an observed scene within a preferably continuous subset of aplurality of wavelength bands A, B or C. One or more of the wavelengthbands may be at least partly overlapping.

In one example, wavelength band A is selected as 7-9 μm and wavelengthband B is selected as 9-15 μm, where the first infrared (IR) imagingsystem 613 is configured to capture gas IR images in the form of IRimage data values/pixel values, representing infrared radiation emittedfrom an observed scene within 7-8.6 μm, and where the second infrared(IR) imaging system 614 is configured to capture background IR images inthe form of IR image data values/pixel values, representing infraredradiation emitted from an observed scene within 9-12 μm.

Further Examples of Wavelength Bands

Table 1 shows examples of ranges of wavelength bands for different gasesthat may be used in embodiments described herein. So for example and asshown in the table, embodiments of a method or a device as describedherein may be devised for operating on CO2 and would in this examplehave a high absorption wavelength band A in the range of 4,2 μm-4,6 μmand a low absorption filter B in the range of 4,4 μm-4,6 μm.

TABLE 1 Examples of wavelength bands for different gases High absorptionLow absorption Gas Wavelength band A Wavelength band B Methane 1 3.2μm-3.6 μm 3.4 μm-3.6 μm Methane 2 7.0 μm-9.0 μm 8.5 μm-9.0 μm CO2 4.2μm-4.6 μm 4.4 μm-4.6 μm CO + N20 4.52 μm-4.87 μm 4.67 μm-4.87 μmRefrigerants 8.0 μm-9.0 μm 8.6 μm-9.0 μm SF6 10.3 μm-11.1 μm 10.7μm-11.1 μm

Spatial Sensor Configuration

FIG. 7a shows a schematic view of infrared sensors 6132, 6142 in athermal imaging device 170 (cf. FIG. 6) configured to capture a gas IRimage and a background IR image according to one or more embodiments.This can also be referred to as a spatial sensor configuration. A firstinfrared (IR) imaging system 613 (cf. FIG. 6), comprised in the thermalimaging device 170, comprises an image sensor 6132 configured to capturea gas IR image. The sensor 6132 is configured to capture infraredradiation within a high absorption wavelength band A. The first infrared(IR) imaging system 613 optionally comprises an optical gas filter 710in the optical path of the sensor 6132 configured with a passband ofinfrared radiation within said high absorption wavelength band A. Asecond infrared (IR) imaging system 614 (cf. FIG. 6), comprised in thethermal imaging device 170, comprises an image sensor 6142 configured tocapture a background IR image. The sensor 6142 is configured to captureinfrared radiation within a low absorption wavelength band B. The secondinfrared (IR) imaging system 614 optionally comprises a backgroundoptical filter 720 in the optical path of the sensor 6142 configuredwith a passband of infrared radiation within said low absorptionwavelength band B.

The sensor 6132, comprised in the first infrared (IR) imaging system613, is configured to capture a gas IR image simultaneously,substantially simultaneously, or with a time interval, with the sensor6142, comprised in the second infrared (IR) imaging system 613,capturing a background IR image.

In one or more embodiments, the processor 612 is adapted to send controldata to the first infrared (IR) imaging system to trigger the sensor6132 to capture infrared radiation within the high absorption wavelengthband A, and/or is adapted to send control data the second infrared (IR)imaging system to trigger the sensor 6142 to capture infrared radiationwithin the low absorption wavelength band B.

In one or more embodiments comprising one or more optical filters, theprocessor 612 is adapted to send control data to the first infrared (IR)imaging system to configure the gas optical filter 710 with a pass bandequal to wavelength band A and adapted to send control data to thesecond infrared (IR) imaging system to configure the background opticalfilter 720 with a pass band equal to wavelength band B. A combination ofcontrollable sensor and controllable optical filter are provided in oneor more embodiments.

Temporal Sensor Configuration FIG. 7b shows a schematic view of aninfrared sensor 6132, 6142 in a thermal imaging device 170 (cf. FIG. 6)configured to capture a gas IR image and a background IR image accordingto one or more embodiments. This can also be referred to as a temporalsensor configuration. A first infrared (IR) imaging system 613,comprised in the thermal imaging device 170, comprises an image sensor6132 configured to capture a gas IR image at time T₀ and a background IRimage at time T₁. In one or more embodiments, the sensor 6132 is at timeT₀ configured to capture infrared radiation within a high absorptionwavelength band A. The first infrared (IR) imaging system 613 optionallycomprises an optical filter 710 in the optical path of the sensor 6132configured at time T₀ with a passband of infrared radiation equal to ahigh absorption wavelength band A and configured at time T₁ with apassband of infrared radiation equal to a low absorption wavelength bandB.

In one or more embodiments, the processor 612 is adapted to send controldata to the first infrared (IR) imaging system to configure the capturedwavelength band of the sensor 6132 to the high absorption wavelengthband A and to trigger the capturing of a gas IR image at time T₀, and toconfigure the captured wavelength band of the sensor 6132 to the lowabsorption wavelength band B and to trigger the capturing of a gas IRimage at time T₁. Typically, there is a short time lapse between thetime T₀ and the time T₁, suitably selected to reconfigure the sensor fordifferent wavelength bands.

In one or more embodiments comprising one or more optical filters, theprocessor 612 is adapted to send control data to the first infrared (IR)imaging system to configure the optical filter 710 with a pass bandequal to the high absorption wavelength band A at time T₀ and toconfigure the optical filter 710 with a pass band equal to the lowabsorption wavelength band B at time T₁. A combination of controllablesensor and controllable optical filter are provided in one or moreembodiments also in a temporal sensor configuration.

Intertwined Sensor Configuration

FIG. 8a shows a schematic view of an infrared sensor 6132 in a thermalimaging device configured to capture a gas IR image and a background IRimage according to one or more embodiments. This can also be referred toas an intertwined sensor configuration and has the additional advantageof eliminating the need for aligning or registering the gas image andthe background image.

A first infrared (IR) imaging system 613, comprised in the thermalimaging device 170 (cf. FIG. 6), comprises an image sensor 6132configured with a first set of detector elements for capturing gasrelated radiation, here called a gas set of detector elements 810, andwith a second set of detector elements for capturing background relatedradiation, here called a background set of detector elements 820. Thefirst and the second sets of detector elements are intertwined such thatdetector elements 810 capturing infrared radiation within a highabsorption wavelength band A alternate with detector elements 820capturing infrared radiation within a low absorption wavelength band Bin both rows and columns of the sensor 6132.

The processor 612 is adapted to send control data to configure the gasset detector elements 810 to capture infrared radiation within the highabsorption wavelength band A, and to configure background set detectorelements 820 to capture infrared radiation within wavelength band B. Theprocessor 612 is further adapted to send control data to the firstinfrared (IR) imaging system to trigger the capturing of a gas IR imageby the gas set detector elements 810 and to trigger the capturing of abackground IR image by the background set detector elements 820.

Interlaced Sensor Configuration

FIG. 8b shows a schematic view of an infrared sensor 6132 in a thermalimaging device configured to capture a gas IR image and a background IRimage according to one or more embodiments. This can also be referred toas an interlaced sensor configuration and has the additional advantageof eliminating the need for aligning or registering the gas image andthe background image.

A first infrared (IR) imaging system, comprised in the thermal imagingdevice 170 (cf. FIG. 6), comprises an image sensor 6132 configured witha first set of detector elements for capturing gas related radiation,here called a gas set of detector elements 810, and with a second set ofdetector elements for capturing background related radiation, herecalled a background set of detector elements 820. The rows of detectorelements are interlaced such that gas set detector elements 810capturing infrared radiation within a high absorption wavelength band Aalternate with background set detector elements 820 capturing infraredradiation within a low absorption wavelength band B in rows of thesensor 6132. For example, gas set detector elements 810 may beconfigured on even rows and background set of detector elements 820 onodd rows.

The processor 612 is adapted to send control data to configure the gasset detector elements 810 to capture radiation within the highabsorption wavelength band A and to configure background set detectorelements 820 to capture radiation within the low absorption wavelengthband B. The processor 612 is further adapted to send control data to thefirst infrared (IR) imaging system to trigger the capturing of a gas IRimage by the gas set detector elements 810 and to trigger the capturingof a background IR image by the background set detector elements 820.

Woven Sensor Configuration—Water Image

FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of an infrared sensor 6132 in a thermalimaging device configured to capture a gas IR image, a background IRimage and a third image here called water image according to one or moreembodiments addressing varying water vapor absorption or interference.This can also be referred to as a woven sensor configuration and has theadditional advantages of eliminating the need for aligning orregistering the gas image and the background image in addition toobtaining images used to compensate for noise/interference, e.g. due towater, or steam or other gases in the scene.

A first infrared (IR) imaging system, comprised in the thermal imagingdevice 170 (cf. FIG. 6), comprises an image sensor 6132 configured with:

-   -   a first set of detector elements for capturing gas related        radiation, here called a gas set of detector elements        A_(row,col) 810;    -   a second set of detector elements for capturing background        related radiation, here called a background set of detector        elements B_(row,col) 820;    -   a third set of detector elements for capturing water or water        vapour related radiation, here called a water set of detector        elements C_(row,col) 830; and    -   a fourth set of detector elements for capturing interference        related radiation, here called an interference set of detector        elements D_(row,col) 840.

The detector elements of the plurality of different sets are configuredto form blocks of detector elements. Detector elements of the gas set,the background set, the water set and the interference set are wovensuch that one gas detector element 810 capturing infrared radiationwithin a high absorption wavelength band A, one background detectorelement 820 capturing infrared radiation within a low absorptionwavelength band B, one water detector element 830 capturing infraredradiation within a third wavelength band C and one interference detectorelement 840 capturing infrared radiation again within the low absorptionwavelength band B is arranged in a block of four detector elements,wherein the block is repeated over part of or the entire sensor 6132.

The processor 612 is adapted to send control data to configure the gasset detector elements 810 to capture infrared radiation within the highabsorption wavelength band A, to configure the background set detectorelements 820 to capture infrared radiation within the low absorptionwavelength band B, to configure the water set detector elements 830 tocapture infrared radiation within the third wavelength band C and toconfigure the interference set detector elements 840 to capture infraredradiation within the low absorption wavelength band B. The processor 612is further adapted to send control data to the first infrared (IR)imaging system to trigger the capturing of a gas IR image by the gas setdetector elements 810, to trigger the capturing of a background IR imageby the background set detector elements 820, to trigger the capturing ofa water IR image by the water set detector elements 830 and to triggerthe capturing of an interference IR image by the interference setdetector elements 840.

Method Embodiments

As described above one or more embodiments relate to an improved systemand method of imaging gas, in particular passive infrared imaging of gasoccurring in a scene. The gas is imaged based on a difference in anestimated gas temperature T_(G) and an estimated background temperatureT_(B). Consequently, a greater difference between T_(G) and T_(B) willresult in a greater contrast in the imaged gas in relation tobackground. When the estimation of T_(G) and T_(B) are improved, thesensitivity of the imaging system is improved and smaller amounts of gascan be detected and optionally imaged. With improved sensitivity of theimaging system, the contrast of the imaged gas is improved, e.g. in agas-absorption-path-length image representing the length of the path ofradiation from the scene background 110 through a gas occurrence in thescene.

Embodiments described herein thus increase the sensitivity of gasdetection in an image, and thereby the contrast, by an improved anddynamic selection of a high absorption wavelength band A and a lowabsorption wavelength band B, e.g. based on previously captured gas andbackground IR images.

FIG. 10 shows schematically in a flow chart of a method for imaging gasin accordance with of one or more embodiments, comprising gas detectionby generating a gas-absorption-path-length image.

Embodiments of the method comprise a selection of the following steps:

Step 1010: Determining, by a processor, a high absorption wavelengthband A and a low absorption wavelength band B to improve contrast in agenerated gas-absorption-path-length image based on a predeterminedabsorption spectrum of the gas, an estimated gas temperature TG and anestimated background temperature TB, wherein the high absorptionwavelength band A includes an absorption wavelength band G from theabsorption spectrum and wherein the low absorption wavelength band B atleast partially overlaps the high absorption wavelength band A.

Further, the high absorption wavelength band A is for example determinedas a subset band of a predetermined absorption spectrum including alocal maximum and the low absorption wavelength band B is for exampledetermined as a subset band of the predetermined absorption spectrumincluding a local minimum and partially overlapping the high absorptionwavelength band A.

The step 1010 of determining the high absorption and low absorptionwavelength bands may further comprise estimating the gas temperatureT_(G) and estimating the background temperature T_(B).

An estimated gas temperature T_(G) is for example obtained as pixelvalues or processed pixel values of a previously captured gas image.Estimating a gas temperature T_(G) by processing pixel values comprisedin a previously captured gas IR image may comprise a selection of:

-   -   processing pixel values of a gas IR image to a single value.    -   processing pixel values comprising calculating a statistical        measure based on the pixel values. The statistical measure is        for example a selection of an arithmetic mean, a median value, a        maximum value, a minimum value or a weighted average value.

In another example the estimated gas temperature T_(G) is obtained as ameasured ambient air temperature value retrieved from an ambient airtemperature sensor 619.

An estimated background temperature T_(B) is for example obtained aspixel values or processed pixel values of a previously capturedbackground IR image. Estimating a background temperature T_(B) byprocessing pixel values comprised in a previously captured gas IR imagemay comprise a selection of:

-   -   processing pixel values of a background IR image to a single        value.    -   processing pixel values comprising calculating a statistical        measure based on the pixel values. The statistical measure is        for example a selection of an arithmetic mean, a median value, a        maximum value, a minimum value or a weighted average value.

Step 1020 Optional: Generating infrared imaging system control datadependent on the determined high absorption wavelength band A and thelow absorption wavelength band B. This step is optionally comprised inone or more embodiments.

This step comprises in one or more embodiments generating control dataadapted for controlling a thermal imaging system or components thereofto capture radiation within a selection of a high absorption wavelengthband A and a low absorption wavelength band B.

In one example of step 1020, infrared imaging system control data isgenerated as a data structure comprising data indicative of a lowerendpoint of high absorption wavelength band A, a lower endpoint of a lowabsorption wavelength band B, a higher endpoint of high absorptionwavelength band A, a higher endpoint of low absorption wavelength bandB. The control data may preferably also comprise timing information fortriggering the capturing of a gas IR image and a background IR image.

Step 1030 Optional: Sending control data to trigger the capturing of animage. This step is optionally comprised in one or more embodiments.

This step typically comprises sending control data, by a processor, toan infrared imaging system to trigger the capturing of a gas IR image ofa scene and to trigger the capturing of a background IR image of thescene. In examples of step 1030, the generated infrared imaging systemcontrol data is sent, from the processor 612, as a control signal to thefirst infrared imaging system 613 and/or the second infrared imagingsystem 614.

Step 1040 Optional: Receiving, by the processor, a gas IR image and abackground IR image. This step is optionally comprised in one or moreembodiments.

In one example of step 1040, receiving the gas IR image and thebackground IR image comprises the processor 612 receiving a controlsignal from the first infrared imaging system 613 and/or the secondinfrared imaging system 614 and storing the gas IR image comprisingpixel values and the background IR image comprising pixel values to amemory.

Step 1050: Generating a gas-absorption-path-length image based on a gasIR image and a background IR image.

In one or more embodiments of step 1050, a gas-absorption-path-lengthimage is generated for example by generating image pixel values by aselection of the following pixel operations based for example on a gasto background difference relation wherein subtraction is denoted “−” anddivision is denoted “/”:

-   -   (gas image pixel value A_(row,col)—background image pixel value        B_(row, col));    -   (background image pixel value B_(row,col)—gas image pixel value        A_(row,col));    -   (gas image pixel value A_(row,col)/background image pixel value        B_(row, col)); or    -   (background image pixel value B_(row,col)/gas image pixel value        A_(row,col)).

The pixel values of gas IR image typically comprises a representation ofthe intensity of infrared radiation within the high absorptionwavelength band A and the pixel values of background IR image typicallycomprises intensity of infrared radiation within the low absorptionwavelength band B.

Step 1060 Optional: Imaging gas and visualizing gas based on pixelvalues in the gas-absorption-path-length image. This step is optionallycomprised in one or more embodiments.

To enable a user to understand the information in thegas-absorption-path-length image it is further imaged by generating avisual representation and presenting it on a display in the thermalimaging device or in a computing device connected to the thermal imagingdevice such as a tablet computer, a smartphone, a laptop or a desktopcomputer.

In one example of step 1060, imaging gas is performed by generating avisual representation of the gas-absorption-path-length image usingfalse coloring, wherein generating a visual representation furthercomprises mapping pixel values in the gas-absorption-path-length imageto a palette and generating a display gas image. In yet an example, thepalette may comprise colors or greyscales from a predefined color model.The step of imaging gas would typically further comprise presenting thedisplay gas image on a display in the thermal imaging device or on adisplay comprised in an external device.

Optimizing Range of A/D Converter

An aspect comprised in one or more embodiments is provided for thepurpose of ensuring that the analog to digital conversion range ordynamics is used in an optimal way in the IR detector or sensor toimprove contrast without limiting the gas to background temperaturedifference ΔT whilst remaining within the linear operating area of thedetector.

A problem when imaging gas is that the sensitivity of the thermalimaging system, and thus the contrast in the gas-absorption-path-lengthimage, is further dependent on the analog to digital conversion process.The sensors 6132, 6134 are generally generating an analog output signal,e.g. a voltage is the measurable output for bolometers. The analogsignal must be analog to digital converted to obtain an image data valueor pixel value. Analog to digital conversion is typically performed byan (A/D) analog to digital converter operating with an A/D working areadefined as minimum A/D value, maximum A/D value and a resolutionmeasured in number of bits. The minimum A/D value and maximum A/D valuein a thermal imaging device 170, are typically limited by the operatingarea where the sensors 6132, 6134 have a linear response.

FIG. 11 shows a schematic view of an operating area of a sensor and themapping to A/D working area.

The sensor 6132, 6134 (cf. FIG. 6-9) has predefined responsecharacteristics, e.g. determined by calibration measurements during theproduction of the thermal imaging device as a response characteristicsrelation. A subset of the response characteristics is linear,substantially linear or linear in practical circumstances and is limitedby a minimum temperature T_(DetMin) 1141 and a maximum temperatureT_(DetMin) 1142.

A problem is then to determine a minimum A/D value and a maximum A/Dvalue to improve imaging of gas, i.e. improve sensitivity to detectinggas and thus contrast in the gas-absorption-path-length image. If theA/D working area, i.e. minimum A/D value and maximum A/D value, is setsuch that parts of the temperature range (TB-TG) or (TG-TB) is excludedthe sensitivity of passive gas imaging and thus contrast in thegas-absorption-path-length image is reduced. If, on the other hand, theA/D working area, i.e. minimum A/D value and maximum A/D value, is setsuch that they extend below T_(DetMin) 1141 and/or beyond T_(DetMax)1142, then non-linear contribution are included and the sensitivity ofpassive gas imaging and thus contrast in the gas-absorption-path-lengthimage is reduced.

Typically the A/D working area can be set to a predetermined initial A/Dworking area, an initial minimum A/D value_(N) 1121 and an initialmaximum A/D value_(N) 1131, selected from a predetermined set of ranges,e.g. determined by calibration measurements during the production of thethermal imaging device. According to one or more embodiments the A/Dworking area should be set as close to the temperature range (TB-TG) or(TG-TB) as possible. In a thermal imaging device this is controlled bychanging control parameters as a detector temperature offset valueToffset and a detector integration time T_(int), wherein the detectortemperature offset value T_(offset) determine the initial minimum A/Dvalue_(N) 1121 and the detector integration time T_(intN) determine theinitial maximum A/D value 1131 based on a predetermined calibrationrelation, e.g. determined by calibration measurements during theproduction of the thermal imaging device.

In one example, an initial A/D working area 1110, defined by an initialminimum A/D value_(N) 1121 as T_(offsetN) and initial maximum A/Dvalue_(N) 1131 given by the detector integration time T_(intN) and apredetermined calibration relation, is obtained, e.g. selected from apredetermined set of ranges or retrieved from memory.

Depending on if the imaged gas 160 or the background scene 110 (cf.FIG. 1) has the relatively lowest temperature an updated minimum A/Dvalue_(N+1) 1122 can be determined as background temperature TB or gastemperature TG, e.g. obtained from memory. I.e. determined as an updatedminimum A/D value_(N+1) 1122=minimum(TB,TG). A gas to backgroundtemperature difference ΔT 130 is calculated based on backgroundtemperature TB 122, gas temperature TG 121 and a gas to backgrounddifference relation (GSBDR) 140. An updated maximum A/D value_(N+1) 1132is determined as updated minimum A/D value_(N+1) 1122+ΔT 130. Further,the updated maximum A/D value_(N+1) 1132 is compared to T_(DetMax) 1142to determine that the updated maximum A/D value_(N+1) 1132 is belowT_(DetMax) 1142. If the updated maximum A/D value_(N) 1132 is belowT_(DetMax) 1142 then the updated maximum A/D value_(N+1) 1132 is used asthe higher limit of the A/D working area and if the maximum A/Dvalue_(n+1) 1132 is above T_(DetMax) 1142 then an updated detectorintegration time T_(intUpdated (N+1)) is determined based on the updatedmaximum A/D value_(N+1) 1132 and an inverse predetermined calibrationrelation.

A new updated maximum A/D value_(N+2) 1132 can be determined based onT_(intUpdated(N+2)) a predetermined integration time step ΔT_(int) andthe predetermined calibration relation, wherein a new updated maximumA/D value_(N+2) 1132 is determined asT_(intUpdated (N+2))=T_(intUpdated (N+1))−ΔT_(int), wherein N is theiteration order or index.

Further, the new updated maximum A/D value_(N+2) 1132 is compared toT_(DetMax) 1142 to determine that the new maximum A/D value_(N+2) 1132is below T_(DetMax) 1142. If so then the new updated maximum A/Dvalue_(N+2) 1132 is used as the higher limit of the A/D working area,else another iteration is performed and a new updated maximum A/Dvalue_(N+3) 1132 is determined.

Further, the updated minimum A/D value_(N+1) 1122 is compared toT_(DetMin) 1141 to determine that the updated minimum A/D value_(N+1)1122 is above T_(DetMin) 1141. If the updated minimum A/D value_(N+1)1122 is below T_(DetMin) 1141 the updated minimum A/D value_(N+1) 1122is set to T_(DetMin) 1141 and is used as the lower limit of the A/Dworking area.

In another example, an initial A/D working area 1110, defined by aninitial minimum A/D value_(N) 1121 as ToffsetN and initial maximum A/Dvalue_(N) 1131 given by T_(intN) and a predetermined calibrationrelation, is obtained, e.g. selected from a predetermined set of ranges.

Depending on if the imaged gas 160 or the background scene 110 has therelatively lowest temperature Toff set can be determined as TB or TG,thus as updated minimum A/D value_(N) 1122=minimum(TB,TG). An initialT_(intN) for the initial A/D working area 1010 can stepwise be increasedby an integration time step ΔT_(int) and an updated maximum A/DvalueN_(N+1) 1132 can be determined based on the initial integrationtime T_(intN) or a integration time determined in a previous iteratationT_(intUpdated(N)), integration time step ΔT_(int) and the predeterminedcalibration relation, wherein N is the iteration order or index, whereinT_(intUpdated (N+1)) is determined as equal to T_(intN)+ΔT_(int)) or(T_(intUpdated (N))+ΔT_(int)).

Further, the updated maximum A/D value_(N+1) 1132 is compared toT_(DetMax) 1142 to determine that the updated maximum A/D value_(N+1)1132 is below T_(DetMax) 1142. If the maximum A/D value_(N+1) 1132 isabove T_(DetMax) 1142 then T_(intUpdated (N+1))=is determined as thepreviously determined updated maximum A/D value_(N) 1132 is used as thehigher limit of the A/D working area else another iteration is performedand a new updated maximum A/D value_(N+2) 1132 is determined.

Further, the updated minimum A/D value_(N) 1122 is compared toT_(DetMin) 1141 to determine that the updated minimum A/D value_(N) 1122is above T_(DetMin) 1141. If the updated minimum A/D value 1122 is belowT_(DetMin) 1141 the updated minimum A/D value 1122 is set to T_(DetMin)1141 and is used as the lower limit of the A/D working area.

In one or more embodiments, the method comprises the steps of:

-   -   Determining an initial A/D working area 1110.    -   Determining an updated minimum A/D value_(N+1) 1122 and an        updated maximum A/D value_(N+1) 1132 based on gas temperature        T_(G) and background temperature T_(B).    -   Determining that the updated maximum A/D value_(N+1) 1132 is        below T_(DetMax) 1142 and determining the updated maximum A/D        value_(N+1) as the higher limit of the expanded A/D working area        1111.    -   Determining that the updated minimum A/D value_(N) 1122 is above        T_(Dnetmin) 1141 and determine as the lower limit of an expanded        A/D working area.

A DeltaT Based Optimization, Top Down

In one or more embodiments, comprising a deltaT based optimization,wherein the updated minimum A/D valueN+1 1122 is determined asminimum(T_(B),T_(G)), the method may further comprise the followingsteps:

-   -   Step 1505: Obtaining a predetermined integration time step        ΔT_(intN), e.g. from memory.    -   Step 1510: Determining a background temperature difference ΔT        130 based on T_(B) (122), T_(G) (121) and a gas to background        difference relation (GSBDR) (140), wherein the updated maximum        A/D value_(N+1) (1132) is determined as updated minimum A/D        value_(N+1) (1122)+ΔT (130).    -   Step 1515: Determining that the maximum A/D value_(n+1) 1132 is        above T_(DetMax) 1142 and perform the following steps:    -   Step 1520: Determining an updated detector integration time        T_(intUpdated (N+2)) based on the updated maximum A/D        value_(N+1) 1132 and an inverse predetermined calibration        relation.    -   Step 1525: Determining an iterated updated maximum A/D        value_(N+2) 1132 based on a new updated integration time        T_(intUpdated (N+2)), a predetermined integration time step        ΔT_(int) and the predetermined calibration relation, wherein a        new updated integration time is determined as        T_(intUpdated (N+2))=T_(intUpdated (N+1))−ΔT_(intN).    -   Step 1530: Iterating steps 1515-1525.

Tint Based Optimization, Bottom Up

In one or more embodiments, comprising a tint bases optimization,wherein the updated minimum A/D valueN+1 1122 is determined asminimum(T_(B),T_(G)), and wherein the initial A/D working area 1110 isdefined by an initial minimum A/D value_(N) 1121 as T_(offsetN) andinitial maximum A/D value_(N) 1131 given by integration time T_(intN)and a predetermined calibration relation, the method may furthercomprise the following steps:

-   -   Step 1605: Obtaining a predetermined integration time step        ΔT_(int), e.g. from memory.    -   Step 1610: Determining an updated detector integration time        T_(intUpdated (N+1)) based on ΔT_(intN) and predetermined        integration time step ΔT_(int), wherein the updated integration        time is determined as T_(intUpdated (N+1))=T_(int(N))+ΔT_(int).    -   Step 1615: Determining the updated maximum A/D value_(N+1) 1132        is based on the updated detector integration time        T_(intUpdated (N+1)) and the predetermined calibration relation.    -   Step 1620: Determining that the maximum A/D value_(n+1) 1132 is        below T_(DetMax) 1142 and perform the following steps:    -   Step 1625: determine an updated detector integration time        T_(intUpdated (N+2)) based on ΔT_(intN+1) and predetermined        integration time step ΔT_(int), wherein the updated integration        time is determined as        T_(intUpdated (N+2))=T_(intUpdated (N+1))+ΔT_(int).    -   Step 1630: Determining updated maximum A/D value_(N+2) 1132        based on the updated detector integration time        T_(intUpdated (N+2)) and the predetermined calibration relation.    -   Step 1635: Iterating steps 1620-1630

In one or more embodiments, the generated infrared imaging systemcontrol data further comprises Toffset and Tint as determined in aselection of the above method steps.

Determining High Absorption Wavelength Band A and Low AbsorptionWavelength Band B

FIG. 12 (also cf. FIGS. 2a and 2b ) shows how high absorption wavelengthband A 510 and low absorption wavelength band B 520 are determined inone or more embodiments. A gas related wavelength band G 505 comprisinga subset of the absorption spectrum 241 of a gas in the scene andincluding at least a local maximum of the absorption spectrum 241 isdetermined. In one example wavelength band G is selected to includemultiple local maxima of the absorption spectrum 241 to obtainsufficient signal to noise ratio at the sensor 613,614 of a thermalimaging system, as would be understood by a person skilled in the art.

In one or more embodiments, determining a high absorption wavelengthband A and a low absorption wavelength band B as described above furthercomprises: determining gas related wavelength band G based on theabsorption spectrum of the gas, wherein wavelength band G is determinedto include at least one local maximum of the absorption spectrum.

The wavelength band A is preferably determined to include wavelengthband G 505. To safeguard that the wavelength dependent infraredradiation attenuation effect of the local maximum/maxima is captured, alower margin G_MARGIN1 1231 and a higher margin G_MARGIN2 1232 are addedto the low absorption wavelength band B 505. In one example G_MARGIN1and G_MARGIN2 are selected in the magnitude of 5%-30% of the width ofgas related wavelength band G 505. G_MARGIN1 (1231) is applied to thelower endpoint (1211) of gas related wavelength band G (505) andwavelength margin G_MARGIN2 (1232) is applied to the higher endpoint(1212) of gas related wavelength band G (505). Thus in one or moreembodiments, determining a high absorption wavelength band A 510 and alow absorption wavelength band B 520 further comprises: determining thehigh absorption wavelength band A as including a gas related wavelengthband G (505) and a predetermined wavelength margin G_MARGIN1(1231)applied to the lower endpoint (1211) of gas related wavelengthband G (505) and a predetermined wavelength margin G_MARGIN2(1232)applied to the higher endpoint (1212) of the gas relatedwavelength band G (505).

FIG. 13a shows how a high absorption wavelength band A 510 and a lowabsorption wavelength band B 520 are determined in one or moreembodiments. The low absorption wavelength band B 520 is determined toat least partially overlap with the high absorption wavelength band A510. To safeguard that the wavelength dependent infrared radiationattenuation effect of the local maximum/maxima is captured at the sametime as eliminating the need to compensate for wavelength dependentemittance/emissivity variations, a lower margin A_MARGIN1 1331 is addedto the high absorption wavelength band A 510 and applied to the lowerendpoint 1311 of the high absorption wavelength band A 510. In oneexample, A_MARGIN1 1311 is selected in the magnitude of 50%-300% of thewidth of wavelength band A 510.

FIG. 13b shows how a high absorption wavelength band A 510 and a lowabsorption wavelength band B 520 are determined in one or moreembodiments. The low absorption wavelength band B 520 is determined toat least partially overlap the high absorption wavelength band A 510. Tosafeguard that the wavelength dependent infrared radiation attenuationeffect of the local maxima/s is captured at the same time as eliminatingthe need to compensate for wavelength dependent emittance/emissivityvariations, a higher margin A_MARGIN2 1332 is added to the highabsorption wavelength band A 510 and applied to the higher endpoint 1312of the high absorption wavelength band A 510. In one example A_MARGIN21312 is selected in the magnitude of 50%-300% of the width of wavelengthband A 510.

FIG. 13c shows how a high absorption wavelength band A 510 and a lowabsorption wavelength band B 520 are determined in one or moreembodiments. The low absorption wavelength band B 520 is determined toat least partially overlap the high absorption wavelength band A 510. Tosafeguard that the wavelength dependent infrared radiation attenuationeffect of the local maxima/s is captured at the same time as eliminatingthe need to compensate for wavelength dependent emittance/emissivityvariations, a higher margin A_MARGIN2 1332 is added to the highabsorption wavelength band A 510 and applied to the higher endpoint 1312of the high absorption wavelength band A 510 and lower margin A_MARGIN11331 added to the high absorption wavelength band A 510 and applied tothe lower endpoint 1311 of the high absorption wavelength band A 510. Inone example A_MARGIN1 1331 and A_MARGIN2 1332 are selected in themagnitude of 50%-300% of the width of wavelength band A 510. Thus in oneor more embodiments, determining a high absorption wavelength band A 510and a low absorption wavelength band B 520 further comprises:determining the low absorption wavelength band B 520 as having a widthgreater than the high absorption wavelength band A 510 and having alower endpoint a margin A_MARGIN1 1331 below the lower endpoint 1311 ofthe high absorption wavelength band A 510 and/or having the higherendpoint a margin A_MARGIN2 1332 above the higher endpoint 1312 of thehigh absorption wavelength band A.

Dynamically Determining Wavelength Band

In one or more embodiments, a low absorption wavelength band B 520 isdetermined dynamically based on a preceding observation of the scenecaptured in a gas related image, for example agas-absorption-path-length image generated in a preceding step.

This is, in one or more embodiments, carried out by:

-   -   generating candidate wavelength bands by shifting the low        absorption wavelength band B 520 in predetermined steps relative        to the high absorption wavelength band A 510;    -   generating a resulting absorption-path-length image based on        each candidate wavelength band;    -   evaluating an objective function applied on the resulting        gas-absorption-path-length image generated for each candidate        wavelength band; and    -   determining the low absorption wavelength band B as the        candidate wavelength band that represents a local maximum of the        evaluated objective function values.

In one example a predetermined width of the low absorption wavelengthband B, a wavelength band step size, an objective function and awavelength band start position is obtained, e.g. as depicted in FIG. 13abased on A_MARGIN1 1331 or retrieved from memory. A candidate wavelengthband is determined based on the wavelength band start position and amultiple of the wavelength band step size. A gas-absorption-path-lengthimage is generated based on the candidate wavelength band, as describedabove, and an objective function is evaluated on thegas-absorption-path-length image to generate an objective functionvalue, the candidate wavelength band and the corresponding objectivefunction value is saved in memory as a pair in a data structure. Theprocess is repeated by shifting the low absorption wavelength band B bya multiple of the wavelength band step size until a wavelength bandconstraint is exceeded, e.g. when the higher endpoint of the candidatewavelength band exceeds the higher endpoint of wavelength band A 510extended by A_MARGIN2 1332 as depicted in FIG. 13b . Further, a localminimum of the objective function values is determined and an optimizedwavelength band B is generated by determining the correspondingcandidate wavelength band as wavelength band B 520.

A further method, in accordance with one or more embodiments, ofdetermining a high absorption wavelength band A 510 and a low absorptionwavelength band B 520 further comprises the following steps:

-   -   Step 1710: Obtaining a predetermined width of a low absorption        wavelength band B, a wavelength band step size, an objective        function and a wavelength band start position.    -   Step 1720: Determining a candidate wavelength by shifting the        low absorption wavelength band B based on the wavelength band        start position, the width of wavelength band B and a multiple of        the wavelength band step size, wherein wavelength band B is        shifted within a wavelength band constraint.    -   Step 1725: Generating a gas-absorption-path-length image based        on the candidate wavelength band.    -   Step 1730: Evaluating an objective function on the pixel values        comprised in the gas-absorption-path-length image to generate an        objective function value.    -   Step 1740: storing the candidate wavelength band and the        corresponding objective function value as a pair in a data        structure, e.g. to memory.    -   Step 1750: Repeating method steps 1720,1730,1740 until a        wavelength band constraint is exceeded.    -   Step 1760: Determining a local maximum of the stored objective        function values in each stored pair.    -   Step1770: Generating an optimized low absorption wavelength band        B by determining the candidate wavelength band in the pair as        low absorption wavelength band B 520.    -   Step 1780: Controlling the thermal imaging system to generate a        gas IR image, for example a gas-absorption-path-length image        based on the optimized low absorption wavelength band B.

A further option in one or more embodiments, when determining the lowabsorption wavelength band B comprises excluding the absorptionwavelength band G from low absorption wavelength band B.

Example of Generating a Gas-Absorption-Path-Length Image

FIG. 14a illustrates schematically how a gas-absorption-path-lengthimage is generated in accordance with one or more embodiments, with athermal imaging device 170 comprising an infrared thermal imaging system613, e.g. as depicted e.g. in FIGS. 6 and 7 b to 9. In this example, thesame thermal imaging system is used to capture a gas IR image as well asa background IR image. FIG. 14a illustrates a gas IR image 1410 and abackground IR image 1420 with their respective pixel values 1430,A_(M,N) and B_(M,N) respectively. The optical axis and the field of view(FOV) are then identical, thus pixel values comprised in the gas imageand pixel values comprised in the background image always represent thesame part of the scene 110 before combining them to a pixel valuecomprised in the gas-absorption-path-length image.

A gas-absorption-path-length image is, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of this kind, thus generated by pixel operations using pixelvalues from the gas IR image and the background IR image. Differentexamples comprises a selection of the following operations:

-   -   gas-absorption-path-length image pixel        value_(1,1)=A_(1,1)-B_(1,1);    -   gas-absorption-path-length image pixel        value_(1,1)=B_(1,1)-A_(1,1);    -   gas-absorption-path-length image pixel        value_(1,1)=B_(1,1)/A_(1,1); and/or    -   gas-absorption-path-length image pixel        value_(1,1)=A_(1,1)/B_(1,1).

FIG. 14b illustrates schematically how a gas-absorption-path-lengthimage is generated in accordance with one or more embodiments, with athermal imaging device 170 comprising a first infrared imaging system613 and a second infrared imaging system 614, e.g. as depicted in FIGS.6 and 7 a. In this example, different thermal imaging systems are usedto capture a gas IR image and a background IR image. FIG. 14billustrates a gas IR image 1410 and a background IR image 1420 withtheir respective pixel values 1430, A_(M,N) and B_(M,N) respectively.The optical axis and the field of view (FOV) may differ leading todifferent parallax errors and/or different FOV size. To ensure thatpixel values comprised in the gas image and pixel values comprised inthe background image represent the same part of the scene 110 beforecombining them to a pixel value comprised in thegas-absorption-path-length image, they are registered or transformedinto one coordinate system through a transform 1440, e.g.intensity-based registration, feature-based registration by using linearor elastic transformations.

A gas-absorption-path-length image is, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of this kind, thus generated by pixel operations using pixelvalues from the gas IR image and the background IR image. Differentexamples comprises a selection of the following operations:

-   -   gas-absorption-path-length image pixel        value_(1,1)=A_(1,1)-B_(2,1);    -   gas-absorption-path-length image pixel        value_(1,1)=B_(2,1)-A_(1,1);    -   gas-absorption-path-length image pixel        value_(1,1)=B_(2,1)/A_(1,1); and/or    -   gas-absorption-path-length image pixel        value_(1,1)=A_(1,1)/B_(2,1).

FIG. 15 illustrates schematically how a gas-absorption-path-length imageis generated in accordance with one or more embodiments, by compensatingfor water attenuation of infrared radiation using a thermal imagingdevice with one or more infrared imaging systems as described above. Thesensitivity to detecting gas and thus contrast in thegas-absorption-path-length image is further improved by generating thegas-absorption-path-length image further based on a water IR image. Athird, water related, wavelength band C is determined to improvecontrast in a generated gas-absorption-path-length image based on apredetermined water absorption spectrum. The water related wavelengthband C includes at least a local minimum of the water absorptionspectrum and preferably excludes both the high absorption wavelengthband A and the low absorption wavelength band B. By determining theattenuation of infrared radiation in a wavelength band where theabsorption spectrum for water has a at least a local minimum and wherethe gas show no or very low attenuation of infrared radiation, a measureof water attenuation in the water related wavelength band C, can beapproximated to be valid also for the high absorption wavelength band Aand the low absorption wavelength band B, thus the contribution of waterattenuation can be compensated for. In one or more embodiments, waterrelated wavelength band C is indicated in data comprised in infraredimaging system control data sent to the infrared imaging system. A waterIR image is captured by the high absorption or second infrared imagingsystem 613, 614 triggered by the control data, wherein the water IRimage comprises intensity of infrared radiation within water relatedwavelength band C. The processor 612 receives the water IR image andgenerates an improved gas-absorption-path-length image based on a gasimage, a background image and the water image;

A gas-absorption-path-length image is, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of this kind, thus generated by pixel operations using pixelvalues from the gas IR image, the water IR image and the background IRimage. Different examples of generating a gas-absorption-path-lengthimage by combining pixel values comprised in the gas image, pixel valuescomprised in the background image and pixel values comprised in thewater image comprises a selection of the following operations:

-   -   a gas-absorption-path-length image pixel        value_(1,1)=A_(1,1)-B_(1,1)+-C_(1,1); and/or    -   gas-absorption-path-length image pixel        value_(1,1)=B_(1,1)-A_(1,1)+-C_(1,1).

Aligning

Since the gas and background IR image may be captured at differentinstances in time the thermal imaging device might be moved in a waysuch that the offset, direction and rotation around the optical axisdiffer between a gas IR image and a background IR image. Similarly, inone or more embodiments with multiple infrared imaging systems 613, 614,the orientation of optical axis of the first infrared imaging system 613and the second infrared imaging system 614 might differ. This results inan optical phenomenon known as parallax distance error, parallaxpointing error and parallax rotation error. Due to these parallaxerrors, the captured view of the real world scene might differ betweenIR images. In order to combine the gas image and the background image,the images must be adapted so that an adapted gas IR image and anadapted background IR image, representing the same part of the scene, isobtained, in other words, compensating for the different parallax errorsand FOV size. This processing step is referred to as image registrationor alignment of the first image and the second image, i.e. the processof transforming different sets of data into one coordinate systemthrough a transform. Registration or alignment can be performedaccording to any method known to a skilled person in the art, e.g.intensity-based, feature-based registration using linear or elastictransformations.

Displaying Visualizing an Image, IR Image or Gas Image

As thermal images by nature are generally low contrast and noisy, thecaptured IR image or gas-absorption-path-length image may be subjectedto various imaging processing in order to improve the interpretabilityof the image before displaying it to a user. Examples of such imageprocessing is correction with IR temperature calibration dataparameters, low pass filtering, registration of multiple successive IRimage or gas images and averaging to obtain an averaged IR image or gasimage or any other IR image or gas image processing operation known to aperson skilled in the art. As infrared radiation is not visible to thehuman eye there are no natural relations between the captured IR image'sor gas image's data values of each pixel in an IR image or gas image andthe greyscale or the colors displayed on a display. Therefore, aninformation visualization process referred to as false coloring orpseudo coloring is used to map image data values or pixel values of eachpixel in an IR image or gas-absorption-path-length to a palette used topresent the corresponding pixel displayed on a display, e.g. usinggrey-scale or colors.

A palette is typically a finite set of color or grey-scalerepresentations selected from a color model for the display of images orvisual representations of IR images/gas-absorption-path-length images,i.e. a pre-defined palette represents a finite set of grayscale or colorvalues of a color model displayable on a display thereby making itvisible to the human eye. Mapping of captured infrared (IR) image datavalues of each pixel in an IR image or gas image data values of eachpixel in a gas image to a palette used to present the correspondingpixel of a visual representation of said IR image displayed on a displayis typically performed by applying a pre-determined relation. Such apre-determined relation typically describes a mapping from image datavalues or pixel values to said pre-defined palette, e.g. a palette indexvalue with an associated color or grey-scale representation selectedfrom a color model. The gas visualizing IR image orgas-absorption-path-length image is typically displayed to an intendeduser based on the gas-absorption-path-length image data values or pixelvalues of each pixel in a gas-absorption-path-length image, optionallyIR temperature calibration data parameters, a predefined paletterepresenting a finite set of grayscale or color values of a color modeldisplayable on a display and a pre-determined relation describing amapping from infrared image data values or gas-absorption-path-lengthimage pixel values to said pre-defined palette.

The processor of described thermal imaging devices is, in accordancewith one or more embodiments, configured to perform a selection of anyor all of the method steps described herein that are associated withprocessing of captured IR images or gas-absorption-path-length imagescomprising image data values or pixel values, such as selection of datavalues/pixel values, mapping of temperature values associated with thedata values/pixel values to color and/or grayscale values, assigningeach pixel of a frame of IR data values a representation value from apreselected color model, e.g. based on the associated temperature valueof said pixel, and other operations described herein.

In one or more embodiments, there is provided a computer-readable mediumon which is stored:

-   -   non-transitory information for performing a method according to        any of the embodiments described herein; and/or    -   non-transitory information configured to control a        processor/processing unit to perform any of the steps or        functions of embodiments described herein.

In one or more embodiments, there is provided a computer program productcomprising code portions adapted to control a processor to perform anyof the steps or functions of any of the embodiments described herein.Software in accordance with the present disclosure, such as program codeportions and/or data, can be stored in non-transitory form on one ormore machine-readable mediums. It is also contemplated that softwareidentified herein can be implemented using one or more general purposeor specific purpose computers and/or computer systems, networked and/orotherwise.

Where applicable, one or more embodiments provided by the presentdisclosure can be implemented using hardware, software, or combinationsof hardware and software. Also where applicable, the various hardwarecomponents and/or software components set forth herein can be combinedinto composite components comprising software, hardware, and/or both.Where applicable, the various hardware components and/or softwarecomponents set forth herein can be separated into sub-componentscomprising software, hardware, or both. In addition, where applicable,it is contemplated that software components can be implemented ashardware components, and vice-versa. Where applicable, the ordering ofvarious steps described herein can be changed, combined into compositesteps, and/or separated into sub-steps to provide features describedherein.

The foregoing disclosure is not intended to limit the present inventionto the precise forms or particular fields of use disclosed. It iscontemplated that various alternate embodiments and/or modifications tothe present invention, whether explicitly described or implied herein,are possible in light of the disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of theinvention is defined only by the claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: identifying a subsetof a predetermined absorption spectrum of a gas in a scene based ontemperatures of the gas and a background of the scene; capturing a gasinfrared (IR) image in response to radiation received in a highabsorption wavelength band for the gas in the predetermined absorptionspectrum and comprising the subset of the predetermined absorptionspectrum; capturing a background IR image in response to radiationreceived in a low absorption wavelength band for the gas in thepredetermined absorption spectrum; capturing a water image in responseto radiation received in a water wavelength band; and generating agas-ab sorption-path-length image, which represents a length of a pathof radiation from the background through the gas, based on the gas IRimage, the background IR image, and the water image.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the water wavelength band excludes the high absorptionwavelength band and/or the low absorption wavelength band.
 3. The methodof claim 1, further comprising determining the water wavelength bandbased on a predetermined water absorption spectrum.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the water wavelength band includes at least a localminimum of a water absorption spectrum to compensate for attenuation bywater in the scene.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the water imageprovides a measurement of water attenuation in the water wavelengthband, the high absorption wavelength band, and the low absorptionwavelength band to provide increased gas contrast in thegas-absorption-path-length image.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein thecapturing the gas IR image, the background IR image, and the water imageare performed by a woven sensor configuration comprising a plurality ofgas detector elements, a plurality of background detector elements, anda plurality of water detector elements, respectively.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the low absorption wavelength band for the gas at leastpartially overlaps the high absorption wavelength band.
 8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the high absorption wavelength band comprises a gasabsorption wavelength band comprising at least a local maximum of thepredetermined absorption spectrum.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein thelow absorption wavelength band excludes the gas absorption wavelengthband.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a gasvisualization image based on the gas-absorption-path-length image;applying a predefined gas-quantifying relation to pixel values of thegas-absorption-path-length image; and generating a quantified scenedifference infrared image in response to the applying, wherein pixelvalues of the quantified scene difference infrared image correspond togas-absorption-path-length of the gas in the scene.
 11. A systemcomprising: an infrared (IR) imaging system; a memory; and a processorcommunicatively coupled to the IR imaging system and the memory, theprocessor configured to: identify a subset of a predetermined absorptionspectrum of a gas in a scene based on temperatures of the gas and abackground of the scene, control the IR imaging system to capture a gasinfrared image in response to radiation received in a high absorptionwavelength band for the gas in the predetermined absorption spectrum andcomprising the subset of the predetermined absorption spectrum, controlthe IR imaging system to capture a background IR image in response toradiation received in a low absorption wavelength band for the gas inthe predetermined absorption spectrum, control the IR imaging system tocapture a water image in response to radiation received in a waterwavelength band, and generate a gas-absorption-path-length image, whichrepresents a length of a path of radiation from the background throughthe gas, based on the gas IR image, the background IR image, and thewater image.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the water wavelengthband excludes the high absorption wavelength band and/or the lowabsorption wavelength band.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein theprocessor is further configured to determine the water wavelength bandbased on a predetermined water ab sorption spectrum.
 14. The system ofclaim 11, wherein the water wavelength band includes at least a localminimum of a water absorption spectrum to compensate for attenuation bywater in the scene.
 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the water imageprovides a measurement of water attenuation in the water wavelengthband, the high absorption wavelength band, and the low absorptionwavelength band to provide increased gas contrast in thegas-absorption-path-length image.
 16. The system of claim 11, whereinthe IR imaging system comprises a woven sensor configuration comprisinga plurality of gas detector elements, a plurality of background detectorelements, and a plurality of water detector elements configured tocapture the gas IR image, the background IR image, and the water image,respectively.
 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the low absorptionwavelength band for the gas at least partially overlaps the highabsorption wavelength band.
 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the highabsorption wavelength band comprises a gas absorption wavelength bandcomprising at least a local maximum of the predetermined absorptionspectrum.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the low absorptionwavelength band excludes the gas absorption wavelength band.
 20. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to:generate a gas visualization image based on thegas-absorption-path-length image; apply a predefined gas-quantifyingrelation to pixel values of the gas-ab sorption-path-length image; andgenerate a quantified scene difference infrared image in response to theapplying, wherein pixel values of the quantified scene differenceinfrared image correspond to gas-absorption-path-length of the gas inthe scene.